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Chapter 9:

Past participles

1 Formation of past participles 2 Use of past participles

1 Definition and formation

1.1 Definition

The past participle is the form of a verb used to make a range of past tenses and the passive :

J'ai beaucoup aimé son dernier film

I really liked his / her last film

Elle a fini ses devoirs

She's finished her homework

1.2 Formation

For -er verbs , remove the -er ending from the infinitive and replace with -é:

aimer  →  aimé

For -ir verbs, remove the -ir ending from the infinitive and replace with -i:

finir  →  fini

For many verbs ending -re, remove the -re ending from the infinitive and replace with -u:

rendre  →  rendu

There are a large number of irregular formations of the past participle. Here are some of the most important:

Table 12.1a: Irregular past participles
infinitive past participle 
avoir eu
asseoir assis
battre battu
boire bu
connaître connu
croire cru
devoir (but due, dus)
dire dit
dormir dormi
écrire écrit
être été
faire fait
lire lu
mettre mis
mourir mort
naître
ouvrir ouvert
plaire plu
pouvoir pu
prendre pris
rendre rendu
répondre répondu
savoir su
sortir sorti
suivre suivi
tenir tenu
venir venu
vivre vécu
voir vu
vouloir voulu

2 Use of past participles

Past participles are used in a range of different contexts. The most common are:

2.1 Compound tenses

For example:

J'ai beaucoup aimé son dernier film

I really liked his / her latest film

Je n'ai pas été informé de la situation

I wasn't informed of the situation

L'année précédente je l'avais rencontrée ailleurs

The year before I had met her somewhere else

2.2 Other uses

Le repas fini, ils ont fait la vaisselle

When the meal was over, they did the washing-up

L'accident a fait deux blessés

Two people were injured in the accident

C'était une journée de perdue

The day was wasted

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